How do the Bankers Bonuses Affect the Investment Behaviour Research Paper

How do the Bankers Bonuses Affect the Investment Behaviour - Research Paper Example The concerns and the perception have changes and numerous controversial ideas have changed the bankers’ bonuses ideologies significantly. Therefore, the research aims at identifying and analyzing the effects of bankers’ bonuses to the banking investment especially in relation to the performance of the banks. The main aim of the bonus banking is to balance long-term and short-term value creation and satisfying accountability of the stakeholders with the intent of attracting, retaining, and motivation talent. However, what is the underlying reality of this motivational system The research shall answer this concern by seeking the  response to the following question: In the journal, Banker’s pay structure and Risk, John Thanassoulis addresses the contrasting problems facing the banks and bankers. According to Thanassoulis, these contrasting banking problems are embedded in the competitive labor market where the banks are seeking best talents. Additionally, Thanassoulis notes that banks often use various motivation efforts that vary with the remuneration. However, the introduction of the remunerations motivations makes banks risk shifting problems by creating incentives that will only inflate the early earnings of the managers. In most cases, the management of some bonuses is of deferred optimally. Thanassoulis further notes that

Implementing Computer Technology in Secondary Schools Essay Example for Free

Implementing Computer Technology in Secondary Schools Essay In 1999, The International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) conducted a study on pedagogical practices of teachers and students of elementary and secondary schools in 30 nations, and the role of technology the said practices (â€Å"The Second Information Technology in Education Study: Module 2†, n. d. ). It was found out that as of 1999, 12% of elementary students and 3% of those in intermediate and secondary schools do not have Internet access in their schools (â€Å"Computer Technology in Schools†, 1999). Such number would considerably be large still, if the period when the benefits of the application of computer technology in education was implied, is taken into account. Computer technology for the use of students in schools started out as computer laboratories (Lynch, 2000), which until now, is continuously evolving to becoming a tool for learning. That the integration of computer technology in schools is still on process, suggests that although its advantages have been persistently advocated, there are also powerful sociocultural and developmental forces that oppose its progression. According to Meredyth, et. al. , (1999), the status quo in the mode of instruction slows the efforts to integrate computer technology in secondary schools. At first, the people who were against the implementation of computer technology in schools argue that this would result in the replacement human instructors and making them obsolete (Richmond, n. d). As it becomes clear that the this would not necessarily become so, that is, there would only be an evolution of role from plain instructor to facilitator, the problem with the implementation now centers on the lack of physical resources (Richmond, n. d. ) and the instructors’ lack of training (Lynch, 2000). This implies that the role of computer technology in the education of secondary students per se is not, today, the major consideration in its application and the need for a clear definition of its role is necessary to speed up decisions on whether there is really a necessity for the addition or retention of the number of computer hardware in schools, or should there be in need of compulsory technical training for instructors. According to Richmond (n. d.), there are two major problems in the implementation of computer technology in education: (1) the goals and purposes of implementation are unclear; (2) the implementors do not fully understand the changes necessary for the implementation of technology in education. These problems must be addressed first if success is wanted. Although both are important aspects of the implementation, this paper will focus in defining the goal, purposes or role of computer technology in student achievement at the secondary school level. To understand this critical role, it is very important to know first the basics about some theories of learning and its current application to education technology. The theory of Cognitive Constructivism states that learning happens through the learners’ active efforts to assimilation new information imposed either by the instructor or by self-discovey (â€Å"Theories of Learning†, 2006). This means that learners must be able to relate what they learn to their experiences or experience the learning itself to be able to fully understand it. One example of this is driving. In order to learn to drive a vehicle, one must not only know that vehicles are powered by gasoline, controlled using a steering wheel, has a gas pedal to move forward or backward and a break pedal to make it stop. He or she has to experience driving to know and fully understand the significance of each theory he or she is made to know. And this experience is very important if he or she is to make life-or-death decisions once he or she takes the road. Computer technology, when related to learning may be applied in a similar way, by providing a means to simulate reality to give the students a feel of what may or may not happen as a result of their decisions. Such is the function of simulations: to instill in learners goals which are similar to reality and resultant feelings that are similar to what may happen in real life because of the as a result of the decisions imposed by the program. A lot of simulation programs have now been developed for different purposes. Sim City provides the learner-gamer an experience of building a city and a feel of becoming a Mayor. The learner-gamer is subconsciously taught of the importance of planning and how each decision might give a positive effect (here, in the form of increase in the city’s revenue) or negative (in the form of rallies and decrease in the city’s revenue). Business simulations provide learners with vicarious experience of actually owning and handling investments without the need of using or losing real money. Design programs provide the learner-designer with an idea or view of the possible perspectives or outcome of each design in mind and an opportunity to manipulate or change it according to his or her desires even before actual realization of the design. There are also simulations in many different subjects like biology physics and chemistry, which can provide the learner with the opportunity to visualize the theories and manipulate situations and then see the results as would happen if the theories are applied. Simulations have been used for decades by the aviation and military industry and just until recently, the costs of simulations have prevented smaller institutions to avail its benefits (Boehle, n. d. ). Although, still not cheap, mass production, added to the said drastic improvement in learning retention rates (Boehle, n. d. ), simulations provide a very efficient tool for learning. There is a 75-80% boost in learning retention rate for students in simulations (Boehle, n. d. ) Social Constructivism believes that knowledge is socially constructed, that is, retention of information is achieved through group efforts (â€Å"Theories of Learning†, 2006). † This is learning with others and through others’ input and ideas conjoined with one’s own. This theory emphasizes the importance of other’s opinion usually for the purpose of the improvement of the said work. Applied to computer technology in its role in secondary education, this allows for interaction among many different people, not limited to those in classroom but also stretches to people in different time zones. This allows for assimilation of new and varied ideas from different people from different places who usually have different ideas about different issues, strengthening ones reasoning and improving one’s knowledge about many different areas and at the same time improving one’s social skill. The most usual form of technology which applies the Social Constructivism theory is forums. A lot of forums can be found in the internet, all areas of knowledge with its own: arts, sciences, mathematics, and philosophy. The Theory of Behaviorism believes that knowledge is a â€Å"repertoire of behavioral responses to environmental stimuli (â€Å"Theories of Learning†, 2006). † According to this theory, learning happens through repetition and reinforcement, usually with the instructor speaking and the learner, listening. This learning theory is opposite of Cognitive Constructivism in that learners gain knowledge passively. This is the most common type of instructional mode used in schools. Still, this instructional mode can also be applied to computer technology. Tutorials in cd’s are now widely available in the market. These products simulate what and how teachers teach in an actual class, explaining concepts with voice recordings combined with moving pictures for visualization. It also comes with practice exercises much like what teachers would give to their students to evaluate the student’s learning. The only difference is that, these products can be used by the student alone, even at home.

Health Public Service Advertising Campaigns Health And Social Care Essay

Health Public Service Advertising Campaigns Health And Social Care Essay The flurry of advertisements associated with public service campaigns raises several questions regarding its worth and effectiveness. Public service advertisements (PSA) or announcements are promotional material that addresses problems assumed to be of general concern to citizens at large. PSA typically attempt to increase public awareness of such problems and their possible solutions, and in many instances also try to influence public beliefs, attitudes, and behavior concerning them (OKeefe, 1990). Most of the PSA deal with health of personal safety topics, including alcohol and drug abuse, preventive health care, traffic safety, nutrition etc. Some PSA also include environmental issues, educational and literacy issues, consumer issues, and general humanitarian concerns like hygiene and cleanliness issues. Mass media audiences are generally attentive and give positive reactions to such advertisements. Healthcare in India is the responsibility of constituent states and territories of India. The Constitution charges every state with raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties. The National Health Policy was endorsed by the Parliament of India in 1983 and updated in 2002. Health related public service campaigns are the advertising campaigns that are run by the government to create awareness among public about diseases which are very dangerous. The Government of India has introduced various health programme and policies to improve the Indian citizens standard of living. Government chooses number of mediums to reach to the masses. For this the government uses television, newspaper, hoardings and radio. Sometimes rallies are also organized to create awareness among people. The example of these kind of campaigns are AIDS awareness campaign run by the government under the banner of national AIDS control organization (NACO), Campaign for tuberculosis, malaria and polio are other examples. Sometimes famous celebrities are taken in the advertisements to create more impact. The study has been undertaken with an objective to measure the effectiveness of health related public service advertisement campaigns which are run by the government of India. The study included three campaigns which are malaria, tuberculosis and AIDS, Over the years, an increasing level of insecticide-resistance has developed in the malarial vectors in many parts of the country, while the incidence of the more deadly P-Falciparum Malaria has risen to about 50 percent in the country as a whole. In respect of TB, the public health scenario has not shown any significant decline in the pool of infection amongst the community, and there has been a distressing trend in the increase of drug resistance to the type of infection prevailing in the country. A new and extremely virulent communicable disease HIV/AIDS has emerged on the health scene. As there is no existing therapeutic cure or vaccine for this infection, the disease constitutes a serious threat, not merely to public health but to economic development in the country also. (NHP 2002) Literature Review Public service advertising (PSA) campaigns are widespread around the Globe. Public service announcements are a type of advertising, sponsored by either government agencies or other organizations, to promote causes and activities generally considered socially desirable (Garbett, 1981). PSAs use paid as well as donated media for creating awareness for social issues. Such advertising is generally produced and distributed on a cooperative basis by governmental agencies or nonprofit organizations working in cooperation with private advertising and mass media companies. Generally the content or programming, while the participating advertising agency and media companies provide creative services, media planning and dissemination services on a not for profit basis. Studies have found no distinction in the effectiveness with the either type of media. Based on self-reported behavior from sample surveys and official count s of incapacitating and fatal highway accidents, in three market field ex periments comparing the effectiveness of Paid versus Donated Media in decreasing youth male drinking and driving, the study found both type of media strategies to be equally effective (Murry Jr., 1996). The placement of PSAs has long been debated and earlier studies reveal that most of the PSAs were being placed during non-prime time especially between 7am to 6pm on weekdays (Hannmen et al, 1973). However recent analysis of advertising pattern indicates more favorable time distribution. Same pattern has been observed in India also. In a study to explore effects of message framing of health advertisements and individual differences in temporal orientation on consumer risk perceptions, attitude, and behavioral intentions, Consumers temporal orientation moderates ad-framing effects related to goal pursuit strategies. The study demonstrates that a fit between a goal pursuit strategy (GPS) manipulation in the ad and consumers chronic regulatory focus increases the effectiveness of the advertisement, but the regulatory fit effect is moderated by temporal orientation (Kees, 2010). Exposure to the PSA had no discernible effects on HIV-related knowledge, but did affect perceptions. Compared with an unexposed control group, students exposed to the PSA estimated seeing more HIV- and AIDS-related PSAs and rated the usefulness of TV PSAs lower, at the same time were more likely to rate their chances of contracting HIV as low or none. The respondents expressed less desire to obtain more information. The use of an all-mnemonic phone number resulted in a threefold increase in recall of the CDC National AIDS Hotline phone number, but did not affect intentions to call. Overall, the results reaffirm the importance of deploying strategies that go beyond reliance on either a single PSA or TV PSAs alone to affect knowledge, perceptions, or intentions (Nowak, 1993). A study to judge effectiveness of PSAs found that it is necessary to conduct empirical research to determine the critical variables influencing a given behavior also there is a need to critically evaluate the potential effectiveness of a given PSA. As all PSAs might not be equally effective and some even might have negative effect. To be effective the PSA need to provide new information and perceived as realistic (Fishbein, 2002). Public service campaigns are often developed without prior assessment of target audience felt needs and perceptions; audience are not segmented into subgroups indicated by these characteristics, and message and material development proceeds without pretesting the effect of such factors as message clarity, appeals or presenters with target audience (Bratic, 1981). Although testing message in pre-finished form, the producer can identify and correct, potential weaknesses and corrections would be time and budget affordable. In absence of a standardized Health message testing service, effectiveness needs to be checked through post testing. Studies like this one can offer implications for theory, as well as for creators of public service advertising campaigns. North Coast Area Health Service (NCAHS) conducted a seven week television advertising campaign to raise community awareness of the availability of free adult pneumococcal vaccination and to increase coverage among North Coast residen ts. Effectiveness of the campaign was evaluated by examining vaccine ordering patterns of North Coast vaccination providers keeping previous year as a base. In the months during and immediately following the advertising campaign, a significantly higher proportion of vaccines were dispatched to North Coast immunization service providers (Wallace, 2008). An intervention approach using culturally sensitive mass media messages to enhance protective beliefs and behavior of African American adolescents at risk for HIV is suggested by Romer, 2009. This approach exploits the potential that mass media messages have, not only to reach a large segment of the adolescent population and thereby support normative change, but also to engage the most vulnerable segments of this audience to reduce HIV-associated risk behaviors. This study provides further evidence that if a media campaign achieves high exposure and is developed on the basis of careful formative research; it can be an effective HIV-pr evention tool for reaching high-risk youth within communities that need them the most. PSAs containing strong verbal claims are rated as more effective than those with weak claims. Arousing messages with weak claims are perceived as least effective. Surprisingly in this study increasing claim strength increased memory for negative but not for positive messages. It is suggested that the combination of intense emotional appeal and weak claims may be partially responsible for the boomerang effects in antidrug campaigns (Lang, 2008). In a study to investigate the consequences of using national celebrities, local celebrities and disaster victims as spokespersons in a public service radio announcement (PSA) soliciting contributions for victims of Hurricane Katrina, it was found that the hurricane victim was the most credible and believable spokesperson. The national celebrity, Ashlee Simpson, was the least credible and the least believable. The local celebrity was more credible and believ able than the national celebrity, but no more so than the hurricane victim (Toncar, 2007). No studies were found in Indian context regarding effectiveness of PSA. An attempt is being made to explore this area through this empirical study. Research Design Research Objective To Study the effectiveness of Public Service Awareness Campaigns in diseases such as Malaria , T.B. AIDS. Methodology The present investigations were descriptive in nature with survey being used as the major research approach. The study used survey method of obtaining information, which is based on the interrogation of respondents through a structured questionnaire. Scope of the study Being self-funded the study was confined to Ahmedabad city of India. The city is one of the most important urban centers of country and represents diversity of India. Sampling Plan The Population: The study is carried out in Ahmedabad city of India. The total urban population of city becomes population for the study. Sampling Unit: Sampling units for the study is individual. From the above population, all the respondents who have seen any of the selected advertisements for the study were defined as sampling unit for the purpose of the study. Sampling technique: Non probability convenience sampling was used. Care was taken to make the sample representative of the actual population. Size of the Sample: Respondents for the study were 150. Instrument for data collection For data collection a survey using a structured questionnaire was conducted. To Measure effectiveness a questionnaire consisting of open and close ended questions was used. The questionnaire included scale developed by-Leavitt, Clark. (1970). A Multidimensional Set of Rating Scales for Television Commercials, Journal of Applied Psychology, 54, 427-429, to judge effectiveness of advertisements apart from other open and close ended questions regarding use of celebrities and other executional aspects of the advertisements. The comprehensive scale gives effectiveness of Advertisements using Forty Five items with eight dimensions like Energetic, Amusing, Personal Relevance, Authoritative, sensual, Familiarity, Novel and Disliked. Results Recall of the advertisements Advertisement of AIDS was highest watched followed by TB and Malaria. Suitable Media Best suited media for creating awareness through PSAs was found to be Television followed by Print. Road shows or rally were not found to be very effective media for communicating health related social issues. Impact of Celebrity/ Religious leaders People strongly agreed to impact of Celebrity and Religious Leaders in creating awareness through PSAs (Mean 3.84). In terms of source credibility i.e. effectiveness of Celebrity endorsers in PSAs, Mean score for Attractiveness (4.50) was highest followed by Trustworthiness (3.93) and Expertise (3.61). It implies that popular celebrities are helpful in drawing attention of masses towards the campaign. Merely appearance in the advertisement increases the recall of the advertisement and thus increasing effectiveness of PSA. Useful Information Communicated by the campaign As evident from high mean score (3.37), people do believe that they gain useful information from the PSAs. Effectiveness of Advertisements To judge the effectiveness 45 item Levitts reaction profile was used. The scale has eight dimensions giving effectiveness of the advertisements. Responses were collected on a 5 point scale where 1 indicated does not fit and 5 indicated fits extremely well. The scores for last dimensions were reverse coded to judge overall effectiveness of the advertisements. As can be seen scores for personal relevance, familiarity and disliked (reverse coded) are higher. Thus it can be inferred that the respondents find advertisement to be meaningful and relevant as well as they have seen those advertisements many times indicating familiarity with the advertisements. The score for Disliked dimensions were high (reverse coded) indicating people liked the public service advertisements. TABLE 1: EFFECTIVENSS OF PUBLIC SERVICE ADVERTISEMENTS (LEVITTS REACTION PROFILE) Effectiveness of PSA Dimension Mean score TB Malaria AIDS Energetic 2.48 2.58 2.62 Amusing 2.52 2.43 2.46 Personal Relevance 3.43 3.36 3.46 Authoritative 2.74 2.73 2.85 Sensual 2.53 2.61 2.76 Familiarity 3.10 3.09 3.27 Novel 2.88 2.80 2.82 Disliked 3.65 3.61 3.60 Overall Mean 2.90 2.89 2.96 Factor Analysis: There are two preconditions for running factor analysis. They are measure of sampling adequacy should be greater than 0.5 and second being determinant value should be non zero. For all the factor models ran as mentioned in table 1, both these conditions are satisfied. TABLE 2: ALTERNATIVE FACTOR MODELS Scale Number of factors Factor Model Explained variation Number of factors TB 12 e>1 76% TB 08 Eight factors 66.7% Malaria 12 e>1 75.9% Malaria 08 Eight factors 65.5% Aids 12 e>1 76.11% Aids 08 Eight factors 65.5% TB By factor analysis, it is inferred that when we solve for eight factor solution, we are able to deduce eight factors like energetic, mix of amusing and novel, personal relevance, authoritative, sensual, familiarity disliked factors. When we solve for eigen value greater than one, we deduce 12 factors. The factor structure for eight factor solution is more clean compared to eigen value greater than one solution. But, it is less precise than provided by the scale. Malaria Factor analysis was conducted and eight factor solution had a better fit compared to eigen value greater than one solution. The factors deduced from eight factor solution are namely, mix of amusing and dislike, novel, sensual, authoritative, familiarity, energetic, personal relevance a mix of personal relevance authoritative dimensions. Aids Factor analysis was conducted and eight factor solution had a better fit compared to eigen value greater than one solution. The factors deduced from eight factor solution are namely, Mix of energetic, Sensual, Disliked Amusing, Energetic, Authoritative, Mix of familiarity Novel, Personal Relevance 1 Personal Relevance 2. Difference in perception of respondents of different demographic segments regarding effectiveness of public service advertisements As can be seen from table 3, we can infer that for disease TB, the difference in scores for amusing and personal relevance dimensions of Leavitts reaction profile scale for respondents across different income levels is statistically significant at 0.05 level of significance. Also, the difference in scores for energetic, amusing, authoritative, sensual, novel and disliked factors of the scale for respondents of different age brackets is statistically significant at 0.05 level of significance. The difference in scores on energetic, amusing and disliked dimensions of the scale is statistically significant for male and female respondents. Similarly from table 4, we can infer that for disease Malaria, the difference in scores for personal relevance dimension for respondents across different income levels is statistically significant at 0.05 level of significance. Also, for disease AIDS, the difference in scores for personal relevance, energetic, amusing, authoritative, sensual, novel and disliked factors for respondents of different income levels are statistically significant. The difference in scores on energetic, amusing, personal relevance, sensual, novel and disliked factors for respondents of different age brackets are statistically significant. Also, the difference in scores on energetic, amusing, personal relevance, novel and disliked dimensions for male and female respondents are statistically significant at 0.05 level of significance. TABLE 3: ANOVA RESULTS FOR DISEASE TB Between Groups Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Income Levels Amusing 22.905 4 5.726 4.527 .002 Personal Relevance 4.313 4 1.078 3.216 .015 Age Levels Energetic 12.451 3 4.150 6.704 .000 Amusing 21.245 3 7.082 5.587 .001 Authoritative 5.178 3 1.726 3.488 .017 Sensual 9.145 3 3.048 5.708 .001 Novel 10.164 3 3.388 7.532 .000 Disliked 19.897 3 6.632 10.750 .000 Gender Energetic 3.169 1 3.169 4.706 .032 Amusing 12.539 1 12.539 9,578 0.002 Disliked 9.541 1 9.541 14.060 0.000 TABLE 4: ANOVA RESULTS FOR DISEASE MALARIA Between Groups Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Income Levels Personal Relevance 5.501 4 1.375 3.511 .009 Age Levels Energetic 10.926 3 3.642 9.089 .000 Amusing 17.485 3 5.828 9.304 .000 Authoritative 4.245 3 1.415 3.850 .011 Sensual 9.945 3 3.315 5.810 .001 Novel 6.597 3 2.199 4.206 .007 Disliked 15.923 3 5.308 8.339 .000 Gender Between Groups Sum of squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Energetic 2.370 1 2.370 5.231 0.024 Amusing 3.968 1 3.968 5.594 0.019 Disliked 5.423 1 5.423 7.759 .006 TABLE 5: ANOVA RESULTS FOR DISEASE AIDS Between Groups Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Income Levels Energetic 6.645 4 1.661 2.906 .024 Amusing 9.031 4 2.258 2.903 .024 Personal Relevance 7.443 4 1.861 5.770 .000 Novel 4.642 4 1.160 2.887 .025 Age Levels Energetic 7.310 3 2.437 4.327 .006 Amusing 9.007 3 3.002 3.886 .010 Personal Relevance 3.570 3 1.190 3.432 .019 Authoritative 5.125 3 1.708 4.178 .007 Sensual 11.302 3 3.767 3.062 .030 Novel 7.075 3 2.358 6.165 .001 Disliked 10.409 3 3.470 5.458 .001 Gender Energetic 4.605 1 4.605 8.024 .005 Amusing 6.750 1 6.750 8.682 .004 Personal Relevance 1.565 1 1.565 4.400 0.038 Novel 2.282 1 2.282 5.570 .020 Disliked 3.667 1 3.667 3.667 .021 Effectiveness in terms of preventive measures From the survey it was revealed that people have taken proper preventive measures after watching advertisement of public service campaigns. More than 94% respondents agreed to the fact. As per the survey people think AIDS is the most harmful diseases than T.B. and Malaria. From the survey it can conclude that most of the respondents (57%) have provided BCG Malaria vaccine to their child but still a good number of respondents are there who have yet not provide these vaccines to their child (43%). It shows that either these diseases are not considered to be as severe by the respondents or awareness for availability of vaccine for these two diseases is low. Majority of respondents (73% ) were found to be are aware of free government services that is run by government in their area for diseases like AIDS, T.B and Malaria. Discussion Recall for AIDS advertisement was highest followed by TB and Malaria. Celebrities were found to be effective in PSAs. Celebrities were found to be high in attractiveness and thus adding more credibility to the campaign. Respondents believed that they gained useful information from the public service campaigns. Television was found to be the most effective media for PSAs. Overall effectiveness of all PSAs was found to be high. As evident from the above findings it can be concluded that people have good exposure to the public service campaigns and find advertisements to be relevant. People liked the PSAs. Clear factor structure has not emerged as compared to the standardized scale. Some dimensions were not deduced in case of all three cases. Differences were found amongst different demographic segments of consumers regarding perception towards the advertisements, signifying importance of tailoring the advertisements for different demographic segments. From the survey it was revealed th at people have taken proper preventive measures after watching advertisement of public service campaigns. Most of the respondents have provided BCG Malaria vaccine to their child but still a good number of respondents are there who have yet not provide these vaccines to their child. It shows that either these diseases are not considered to be as severe by the respondents or awareness for availability of vaccine for these two diseases is low. Thus it is imperative for government to promote vaccination for the said ailments. Aware ness of free government services run by government in their area for diseases like AIDS, T.B and Malaria was found to be high. Limitations and Future Research Limitations associated with non probability sampling techniques go with this study also but due care was taken to make sample representative of the actual population. Further research can focus on lifestyle and personality factors of the respondents that might shape their perceptions towards the public service advertisements.

Franz Kafka :: essays research papers

â€Å"When he lifted his head a little, he saw his vaulted brown belly, sectioned by arch-shaped ribs, to whose dome the cover, about to slide off completely, could barely cling. His many legs, pitifully thin compared with the size of the rest of him, were waving helplessly before his eyes.† Gregor Samsa is the main character in this story to go through a metamorphosis. This change has turned Gregor into a â€Å"monstrous vermin†. Kafka expresses the anxieties, inner terrors, and cynicism of Gregor’s life throughout the novella, Metamorphosis. Gregor’s feelings towards his job, the effect his job has on his family, and the cruelty that his family displays show many of the changes that occur in the story. The novel opens with Gregor in his monstrous state, late for work. He surmises that his job as a traveling salesman is very important, since he has to pay off his father’s debts, yet he is growing extremely tired and frustrated about it. â€Å"The upset of doing business is much worse than the actual business in the home office, and, besides, I’ve got the torture of traveling, worrying about changing trains, eating miserable food at all hours, constantly seeing new faces, no relationships that last or get more intimate. To the devil with it all!† Gregor has a great amount of anger towards his job, which soon leads to his resentment towards society as a whole. The fact that his office manager showed up at Gregor’s house plays an immense role in creating apprehension and anxieties in Gregor’s mind. He feels strangled by his job and is too weak to tolerate the pressure. Along with the pressure created by his office manager and society, the Samsa’s, especially Gregor’s father, take advantage of him. Gregor earns the basic income to support his family. â€Å"But of course he actually could have paid off more of his father’s debt to the boss with this extra money, and the clay on wh ich he could have gotten rid of his job would have been much closer, but now things were undoubtedly better, the way his father had arranged them.† The bad taste of the Samsa’s has put Gregor in a difficult position, which I feel is one of the largest issues leading to Gregor’s metamorphosis. Gregor’s family in general had given him the negative attitude he has on life. They took advantage of him to the point where he was the means of the family’s survival.

Today’s Unions

Over the years unions have been forced to change with the times. Looking at some of these changes and discussing how the unions have evolved over time will be discussed in this paper. Also the philosophy and how the unions accommodate its members have changes so this to will be discussed. After looking at all of this a couple of proposals will be discussed to help unions broaden their appeal. Unions all over the world are considered to be failing because of their low numbers. The influence and power unions had over management in companies when it came to policies has faded due to the huge decline in total number of members. (Troy, 2001). Troy stated in his research that the unionism which is experiencing a huge membership demand and the market share in past is now lagging far behind from the expected objective in this regard (Troy, 2001). According to facts from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), countries that are impacted by unions are facing challenges in terms of the diminishing ratio of the workers associated with the union. Kumar & Murray, 2002). Looking at the evaluations from the past years concerning union history, one can analyze that the real challenge that the companies have is to change the organization so that the threat of losing competent union members will be null. Unions should evaluate their history so that they can use the data to formulate a strategy to keep control over the influence of management. Befo re unions were born the people were born into poor families and had to work in organizations from the age of six, where the average day consisted of 18 hours. During this time such things as a day off, overtime compensation, and minimum daily wages were only a thing of dreams. â€Å"There exist no rules and regulations related to the job security, social security, job insurance, security against layoffs and several other serious issues† (Slupik, 2005, pg 22). Introducing unions into organizations help change the conditions for the employees. These drastic changes made the difference and started a movement in favor of the employees. Individuals could express their individual interest which was previously hampered by the company. Human resource departments and unions help influence power over the management and obtained authority to stand against the policies of company. If it did not seem to be in the best interest of the worker’s the union would flex its authority to make changes. The unions establish policies and rules that are pro employee and push for fair wages, a fair work schedule, overtime compensation, and job security to name a few. This helped give the employees a piece of mind and helped not only the welfare of the employee but the employer. Unions over time changed their focus from individual concerns to the organization and the collective concerns of all industries. Unions are now looking at the bigger picture and instead of focusing on the employees of a particular company they are looking at the welfare of all that work in similar industries. This means that the unions are working for and on the behalf of the employee’s and their rights. The unions focus is safeguarding the security of the employees and these interests seem to align with the human resource department. In the late 20s unions started losing its influence in the industries and due to aggressive attacks from rich and efficient organizations which eventually wiped out unions and created a system of non-union semi-slave labor areas in some other countries. This enabled them to continue to sell their product and services at same or higher prices in the market. By these measure organizations succeeded in reducing the union represented jobs, which was 36% in 1954 to a now lower 16 %. Slupik, 2005) The unions have to implement new philosophies that consider the largest population and broaden its scope of operation to other workplace environments. First union’s must concentrate on diversity and look past their initial focus of manufacturing and broaden its scope to all businesses. With today’s changing economy the manufacturing side of business has diminished so the unions must change in hopes to keep their members. Secondly unions must focus on changing policies within organiz ations and focus their efforts on those that go against the interest of the people. This can prove to be a stressful process since policy is constantly changing these days to keep up with government laws. Unions must form partnerships with the companies to keep up with all of these changes. Constant change seems to be the only norm within companies and this causes difficulties for the unions. Looking at some of these changes unions have made and how their philosophies have changed two proposals were briefly discussed to help in this transition. The bottom line is the only way for the unions to keep up with the every changing company is to become fluid and stay one step ahead of them.

Fences: African American and Troy Essay

In 1987, August Wilson’s â€Å"Fences† was a part of his Pittsburg Cycle of dramas of the 20th Century. These plays were used to â€Å"examine important elements of African American experiences† (Gardner 1331). The symbolisms in the play are used to tell the late life story of Troy Maxon and his relationship with family. From the start of the play, there is conflict and foreshadowing that shows Troy’s own belief that he has failed in life and that the world did not give him what he deserved. He believes that he has to venture outside of his family to find relief. At the start of the play, Wilson takes the audience into the seemingly happy life of Troy Maxon. The author then makes it clear that he felt like a failure and was not happy. The first symbol that is seen is the difference between the white people and the black people. Troy takes a stand and asks why black people never get to drive the trash trucks. Most of his coworkers believe that he will be fired. This theme of not being appreciated and believing that something is not enough is seen through all the symbols used in this drama. A second symbol seen is sports and dreams of the future. Troy had been in the Negro League and played baseball until he was over 40 years old. The problem presents itself when Troy is overlooked by the recently desegregated professional baseball league because of his age. His dreams of playing for the professional white league were smashed, and he believed that he had nothing to show his worth in the later years. This defeat in his career also defeated Troy mentally. From then on, he saw his family and his life as a failure that he wanted to escape from, yet he could not shake the feeling of responsibility to them. Troy’s first son, Lyons, is accepted by Troy. Lyons is a failure in Troy’s eyes and so Troy believes that Cory is no better than him. Lyons wants to be a musician, but he is not very successful. Troy sees Lyons failure in music career to be equivalent to his failure to get into the professional league. He believes that his son will eventually take an unskilled job and end up just like his father. In the last scene of the play it is revealed that Lyons did end up defeated, but not to the extent of his father. His love of music still lived and he was still pursuing his dream. Unlike his son Lyon, Troy’s feeling of failure is evident in his relationship with his son, Cory. Cory is an excellent football player, and yet, Troy refuses to acknowledge his son’s ability even when he is recruited by a college. Troy will not let Cory succeed where he failed and refuses to let Cory go to college on a football scholarship. In Act 1, Scene 3, Cory asks Troy â€Å"How come you ain’t never liked me? † (Wilson 1075). Troy is angry at this question and tells Cory that â€Å"†¦it’s my duty to take care of you. I owe a responsibility to you! † (Wilson 1076). However, even before this it is obvious that Troy sees Cory as nothing but an annoyance that continues until the final scene, when Cory arrives for Troy’s funeral. Troy’s relationship with his wife Rose is an unfaithful one. He is constantly stating that there is no better woman or wife, yet he has an affair with Alberta. Through this diversity, Rose is eventually presented as a model of the strong African American woman. She has given her life to Troy, and yet he has an affair with Alberta. He explains the affair as a way to ignore the responsibilities of his failed life. This aggravates Rose because he has never taken her feelings, wants or needs into consideration. Troy continues to be married to Rose, but also continues his affair with Alberta while Rose knows about the whole thing. Rose even accepts the call from the hospital when Alberta dies while giving birth. The full strength of Rose is not shown until Troy brings home his love child. He asks Rose to help him raise her. Rose’s response shows the intensity of her strength. She says, â€Å"From right now†¦this child got a mother. But you is a womanless man† (Wilson 1099). Rose makes it apparent that this child will have as good a life as Rose can give her and she will show no animosity or jealousy towards the child. Troy, on the other hand, will have the responsibility of the child, Rose, Lyons, and Cory while receiving nothing in return. Throughout all these trials, the fence is essential in the explanation of Troy’s life. Rose had requested the fence, and it symbolized her family being held together. The fact that Troy never really worked on the fence showed that he was not in love with Rose, but felt a responsibility to her. He wanted his freedom and the fence symbolized his imprisonment. The symbol of the fence throughout this play connects everything back to the fact that Troy Maxon was unhappy with his life, and felt as if he were a failure. He felt no real responsibility to Lyons, hence their relationship was better. Troy was jealous of Cory and reminded of his failures by Rose. Wilson used the fence to tell this story. It was not just a story of a life seen as a failure, but a look into the mind and thoughts of an African American man of the 1950s. Works Cited Wilson, August. Fences. Literature: A Portable Anthology. Ed. Janet E. Gardner, 3rd ed. Boston: Bedford/ St. Martin’s, 2012. 1053-1111. Print. Gardner, Janet, Beverly Lawn, Jack Ridl, Peter Schakel, eds. Literature: A Portable Anthology. 3rd ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2012. Print.

The Color Purple essays

The Color Purple essays Celie and Nettie both went through hard times although there was an array of differences between the two. They both came out stronger and more aware of the oppression that women of that generation had to face. They were Eventually able to break away from the vicious cycle of man dominating over woman and keeping her below himself and insinuating that they were the Weaker sex. Celie and Nettie both were embarked on a spiritual journey, but both were so different in multiple ways. Celie's journey was filled with constant pain, suffering, loss, anger, and oppression. Nettie also had a hard life, too, but hers was made much easier because of Celie. She kept Nettie out of harms way ...for example, on page eight, Celie begins her journal entry by writing, I ast him to take me instead of Netter while our new mammy was sick...I duck into my room and come out wearing horsehair, feathers, and a pair of our new mammy high heel shoes...he beat me for dressing trampy but do it to me anyway. Both there journeys helped them find their gender in a different light, and also find there own strength away from men. Celias journey began when she was very young. Her father raped her constantly when her mother couldnt have sex with him (she was sick from having to many children and was crazy before that) and Celie became pregnant twice (one when her mother was still alive and one after her mothers death) Both times he got rid of the babes that Celie had. After a few years (and when he got tried of Celie) he got sold off to an abusive man with little hellants for children. She barely had any joy in her life other than from seeing Nettie. She was only being beaten, neglected, and billeted. Nettie on the other hand, she never was raped by their father, didnt have to marry Mr._______ like he originally requested. She was spared by burden by Celie. She e ...

Would You Rather, an Icebreaker Game for Adults

Would You Rather, an Icebreaker Game for Adults This party game is perfect for use in the classroom, at a seminar or workshop, or any gathering of adults. Its easy and lots of fun. Would you rather be bald or completely hairy? Give your students impossible questions to answer and help them ease into learning together. Why Use Ice Breaker Games? Icebreakers are important tools for teachers of adults.  If youre teaching adults, you know they learn differently than children. They come to the classroom with a lot of life experience, some more than others, of course, and some of them bring wisdom, too, depending on their age. When you begin a new class or start a new lesson, an icebreaker game can help your adult students feel more comfortable participating by getting them to laugh, helping them to meet fellow students, and relaxing everyone. Have fun. People engage in learning more quickly when the experience is fun. Starting a session or a lesson plan with an icebreaker can help your adult students focus on whatever you have gathered to learn. Instructions The game takes 30-60 minutes, depending on the size of the group. Break large groups into smaller groups by counting off if you have less time for this exercise. Give the participants a minute to think of a Would You Rathe question. Give some examples. There are published Would You Rather books and game cards available for sale if you have the budget to purchase them, but once you get going, you can easily make questions up yourself. If your group does not seem creative at all, you can always print handouts with question ideas and let your students choose from the list. Introduce yourself and ask the first person your question. Example: My name is Deb, and I want to know if you would rather speak to a large group or hold a snake. After the person answers, he or she should give their name and ask the next person their question. And so on. Save time for laughter and explanations if appropriate! Depending on the purpose of your class or meeting, ask participants to come up with a meaningful or thought-provoking question. If you use this game as an energizer, encourage people to just be silly. Debriefing Is Not Necessary No debriefing is necessary unless you’ve asked the group to come up with questions related to your topic. If so, some of the choices probably inspired some remarkable responses. Choose a few to discuss further or to use as a lead-in to your first lecture or activity. This icebreaker game makes a good warm-up exercise for adult education lesson plans. Would You Rather Ideas If you need some questions to get the game rolling, start with these and see if they inspire others: Would you rather play Monopoly or chess?Would you rather have super hearing or x-ray vision?Would you rather be good at drawing or singing?Would you rather be a cat or a fish?Would you rather be Catwoman or Wonder Woman?Would you rather babysit a couples child or their dog?Would you rather go one year without TV or without reading books?Would you rather attend a big party or have an intimate dinner with a few friends?Would you rather lose your hearing or lose your sight?Would you rather be able to breathe underwater or fly?

World Cultures and Cultural Lifestyles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

World Cultures and Cultural Lifestyles - Essay Example With new attitudes, cultures and lifestyles flooding these regions brought forward by new business growth and job opportunities, very old-world systems of family and cultural relationships are taking on a modern appeal and value system. Depending on the type of culture in a certain foreign region, the impact of new attitudes greatly increases the chances of change in cultural systems all across the world. In regions of the world such as Saudi Arabia and India, there is a collectivist mentality that puts large emphasis on the needs of group loyalty and group welfare. People who hail from collectivist nations tend to view themselves as extended members of a larger family unit and generally these individuals have a great deal of respect for tradition and the reciprocation of favors (Blodgett, Bakir & Rose, 339). Collectivist nations often perform their business activities in such a way where group membership and group affiliation are demanded from domestic and foreign business leaders. This type of traditionalist culture and those who value its family-oriented concept will often demand a different style of business meeting where friendship, camaraderie, and informal discussions are the norm. What occurs in a collectivist culture when foreign business leaders who value more individualism and self-expression bring their new ideas forward is a change in attitude that is more Westernized rather than traditionalist in the region. Why is this? New changes in business presence and ideas that form from foreign business leadership begin to restructure business principles and therefore changes the attitudes of those working within this new globalized organization. For instance, new call centers developed in Saudi Arabia, as one example, might be originally focused on providing a forum for consumers to demand changes to product variety. However, after the influx of foreign business leadership from countries such as the United States, new styles of performing call center func tions that now are geared toward individualized customer service have changed the local culture simply through business restructuring. It is important to identify that cultural interdependency is not only present in business, but can be found sociologically in a variety of different international communities. â€Å"Leaders aspiring to be effective in multi-cultural environments must develop an awareness of the different dimensions of culture that are and will be most central to their constituencies† (Shriberg & Kumari, 20). What this is suggesting is that leadership must be flexible in multi-cultural environments and be adaptable to foreign attitudes related to culture and lifestyle. It does not necessarily mean that individuals from foreign countries are, necessarily, going to be able to make changes to how domestic cultures perform their lifestyle and business activities. For example, in certain cultures, there might be a preference for older, traditionalist ways and theref ore they resist any changes that bring liberal and individualistic attitudes into the local culture hailing from foreign visitors or business leaders. Cultural interdependency has become a product of a changing globe and the demands that are placed on what was once an under-developed country in order to make the local culture more in-line with flexible and adaptable individualistic mentalities. In an environment where group norms are powerful as it is related to traditionalist values, it becomes more and more difficult to change these attitudes to make them more flexible and progressive especially if the local cultural values greatly conflict with

The effect of Technological advances on the validity and reliability Research Paper

The effect of Technological advances on the validity and reliability of criminal profiling - Research Paper Example s, the new technologies have had a profound influence on the developments shaping the contemporary criminal profiling process and completely impacted both its validity and reliability at the same time. This paper sets out to interrogate the effect of technological advances on the validity and reliability of criminal profiling; specifically, this paper will explore the manner in which the new technological innovations are preventing crime and enhancing police performance. Furthermore, this paper will investigate the allegations that criminal profiling and the American criminal justice processes are flawed and skewed by human limitations leading to false confessions and improper convictions. Eventually, the impact of technology, in terms of both the intended and unintended consequences of technology-driven solutions to crime, as well as through the contributions and limitations of information technologies, will also be highlighted. Evidently, criminal profiling is one of the critical behavioral and investigative tools used by criminal investigators to accurately envisage and establish a sketch for the features of an unidentified criminal subject of offender. Based on an analysis of the nature of a crime and the manner in which that crime was committed, as well as an evaluation of the offender’s choices before, during and after the offence, criminal profilers are able to identify a perpetrator and numerous aspects of the offender’s personality make up. Combining these insights with any other vital information and existing evidence as well as comparing that with the traits of known personality types and mental disorders, criminal investigators are able to establish a practical working profile of the offender. The principle goals of criminal profiling are to give law enforcement a social and mental evaluation of the offender as well as a psychological assessment of the possessions of the offender; c riminal profiling also aims to yield suggestions and strategies

Cultural Conduct in Other Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Cultural Conduct in Other Countries - Essay Example The question that rises over here is how important role does a language play in cross border businesses? To run your business successfully in another country it requires a proper understanding of the culture of that country. And to understand the culture of that country, it is required to know and learn the language of that country. Every culture has different parameters and guidelines of thought. And the best way to understand the thought behind these parameters and guidelines is the language (Malt et. al, 1999). Language not only provides knowledge about culture, it also provides knowledge about economic and political situations. Knowledge of other languages has become very essential because now million of people share their ideas, common interests and communicate with each other across the world through internet and going cross border for businesses and study. All these things are possible due to the technological advancements. Here we take the example of America; the trade is gro wing rapidly here. Some business people are learning Spanish and Portuguese for there businesses. And now adays people are getting knowledge of other languages for economic integrations. Many Canadians have ability to speak English and French. And they have adopted these languages for the improvement of their jobs and businesses. So the knowledge of other languages gives us a unique thought and this thought helps us to make concepts and decisions correctly. Social Etiquette: Etiquette is a code of behavior or social behavior within the society, social class or group. Rules of etiquette generally based on social interaction within the society. It may be reflection of ethical codes, fashion and status of society, group or class. When someone is interacting with large social group or variety of people which have same interest, so there are some general rules to interact with them and these rules are socially acceptable. Business etiquette is similar to the social etiquette, but they ar e particularly for coworker’s interaction and vary from business to business (Johnson, 1997). When a businessman expands his business in other countries, he has to understand the language, cultures, taboos and etiquettes because different nations have different cultures and etiquettes. For example, in China if a person takes food item from a common bowl or plate without asking others that mean you are insulting the host. On the other side in America a guest has to eat all food in his plate as a compliment to the quality of food. In Korea and Japan, it is an old tradition for host and guest to fill their alcohol cups and encourage each other to take it, but if anyone doesn’t want to take alcohol for any reason, then it can become difficult for him to escape from it. So for a prospective businessman it is very essential to understand the etiquettes of other country. Because etiquettes provide help to interact with society. Basically etiquettes depend upon the culture. It may vary from culture to culture. If business people have knowledge about other country’s culture, language and etiquettes then they can easily create a good impression. Cultural Values: Cultural values are the ethical or moral values; values that reflect someone’s sense of good and evil or right and wrong. Cultural values are the reflection of attitudes and behavior of society or group. Norms are the behavior of people in a specific situation, and values are the judgment of this situation as good and

Cash Accounting versus Accrual Accounting Assignment

Cash Accounting versus Accrual Accounting - Assignment Example But in accrual method, transaction is recorded as and when they happen rather than paid or received. So in accrual method the sale or receipt of goods and services are recorded as and when it happens .At times it is not easy to finalize when the sale or buying occurred ,then the contractor confirm the date when he received the goods and services and the transaction is recorded in the books. The cash and accrual method gives the same outcome as one can instantly see the results. The results of these accounting methods will only show variations, if the transaction is on a credit basis. In case the transaction of sales and purchases are done on cash and recorded immediately in the account then, which ever method one use the ledger will reflect the same results. The businesses with sales less than $ 5 million a year can choose whatever accounting method they want for their business. However in both the methods, the result will be only a partial picture of the financial stand of you busin ess concern. Chapter 2) Theoretical View a) Cash accounting method In cash accounting the primary importance is on the inflow and outflow of cash on everyday transaction of the business .As and when money moves in or out, recording is made in the ledger so that analysis can be made to the financial status of the business in a particular accounting period. According to Tatum (2003)â€Å"Part of the charm of a cash journal is that financial transactions entered as line items can be reviewed quickly when necessary, as well a providing a quick reference document when entering the transactions into other sections of the accounting books†. The author here emphasize that cash accounting is very reliable when it comes to the informative part of the business activities occurring on a daily basis. Cash is the blood life of a business concern, and cash accounting method allows the recording of the every movement of cash in the firm. The cash accounting method allows a small entrepreneur to understand the profitability of his firm without many complications. But this accounting method is useful mainly for small enterprises .The bigger firms use accrual accounting method where trillions of dollars are transacted at a time and sales and purchase of good and services are time consuming. The cash accounting system is quick and easy and help the owner of business on understanding cash reserves when dealing are mainly on cash basis. For example when one use a credit card to make a purchase, one does not have a reduction in the personal account until one pay for the credit card, this is considered cash accounting b)Accrual accounting If one consider accrual accounting , the revenues and expenses are recorded when they are incurred, regardless of money is moved in or out. As per Duchac (2006,pg.98) â€Å" Accrual accounting concepts are designed to reflect a company’s financial performance during a period and avoid misleading results that could arise from the timin g of cash receipts and

Identity Theft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Identity Theft - Essay Example Identity theft victimizes nearly 10 million Americans each year and costs businesses and individuals an estimated $53 billion (Crosby, 2005). A person’s identity can be stolen either in the real world or in the digital world (online). Although many would believe the digital world is the most common place that a person’s identity is stolen this is not true. The most common place that a person’s identity is stolen is in the real world when their wallet, checkbook or credit card is lost or stolen. The internet always grabs the headlines, but it is individuals who are close to the victims, such as family and friends, that are doing most of the crimes (Lai, 2006). Social Security numbers are at the heart of the issue because it is our sole code for identity. It’s very easy to obtain Social Security numbers. Non-Social Security Administration uses of Social Security numbers have not been prohibited, so Social Security numbers are used as identification and account numbers by many entities (Walsh, 2004). Counterfeit Social Security numbers are on the rise because the Social Security number is the national identifier and it gives individuals a reason to use it for illegal purposes. Stolen Social Security numbers have been used to establish credit, gain employment, hide identity to commit crimes obtain benefits and services. Thieves will attempt to get information on their potential victims in many different ways. They may steal your bank statements or pre-approved credit card applications out of your mailbox or they may do what is known as dumpster diving which is when the thief will go throw your garbage to look for potential information with your identification on it. The most difficult type of identity theft is fraudulent accounts being opened in a person’s name. It takes an average of 152 days for victims to find out

Comparison Of Articles About The Terrorist Attacks Assignment

Comparison Of Articles About The Terrorist Attacks - Assignment Example Indeed, the medium of each text may influence my response to the content because the medium significantly affects the relevance, reliability, and the authority of the information contained therein. Additionally, Nicholas Thompson is the renowned author of various literature and currently an editor at The New Yorker, at Bloomberg Television, and at CNN International. As such, he derives respect and authority in literature. On the other hand, Nina Berman has won numerous awards in American documentary photography. Notably, both writers use anecdotal evidence to lay their arguments and claims. Both texts are of the view that the true definition of the word hero lacks it initial significance.Nevertheless, the two articles agree that there are heroes in America and that the true meaning of American heroes only changed after the 2001 September 11 terrorist attacks where there was a general notion to refer to the victims, firefighters, and rescue workers as heroes. They find that the word h as become so popular, cultural, and psychologically common that nobody reserves any pride in it in the modern times.Nicholas Thompson claims that the victims the terrorist attacks deserve tremendous sympathy and referring to them as heroes will be a misplacement. He further reckons that the firefighters and rescue workers who suffered in the attacks do not amount to becoming heroes because they were doing their job. In fact, he claims that referring to them as such is demeaning the meaning and significance of the word hero.

Cash Accounting versus Accrual Accounting Assignment

Cash Accounting versus Accrual Accounting - Assignment Example But in accrual method, transaction is recorded as and when they happen rather than paid or received. So in accrual method the sale or receipt of goods and services are recorded as and when it happens .At times it is not easy to finalize when the sale or buying occurred ,then the contractor confirm the date when he received the goods and services and the transaction is recorded in the books. The cash and accrual method gives the same outcome as one can instantly see the results. The results of these accounting methods will only show variations, if the transaction is on a credit basis. In case the transaction of sales and purchases are done on cash and recorded immediately in the account then, which ever method one use the ledger will reflect the same results. The businesses with sales less than $ 5 million a year can choose whatever accounting method they want for their business. However in both the methods, the result will be only a partial picture of the financial stand of you busin ess concern. Chapter 2) Theoretical View a) Cash accounting method In cash accounting the primary importance is on the inflow and outflow of cash on everyday transaction of the business .As and when money moves in or out, recording is made in the ledger so that analysis can be made to the financial status of the business in a particular accounting period. According to Tatum (2003)â€Å"Part of the charm of a cash journal is that financial transactions entered as line items can be reviewed quickly when necessary, as well a providing a quick reference document when entering the transactions into other sections of the accounting books†. The author here emphasize that cash accounting is very reliable when it comes to the informative part of the business activities occurring on a daily basis. Cash is the blood life of a business concern, and cash accounting method allows the recording of the every movement of cash in the firm. The cash accounting method allows a small entrepreneur to understand the profitability of his firm without many complications. But this accounting method is useful mainly for small enterprises .The bigger firms use accrual accounting method where trillions of dollars are transacted at a time and sales and purchase of good and services are time consuming. The cash accounting system is quick and easy and help the owner of business on understanding cash reserves when dealing are mainly on cash basis. For example when one use a credit card to make a purchase, one does not have a reduction in the personal account until one pay for the credit card, this is considered cash accounting b)Accrual accounting If one consider accrual accounting , the revenues and expenses are recorded when they are incurred, regardless of money is moved in or out. As per Duchac (2006,pg.98) â€Å" Accrual accounting concepts are designed to reflect a company’s financial performance during a period and avoid misleading results that could arise from the timin g of cash receipts and

Comparison Of Articles About The Terrorist Attacks Assignment

Comparison Of Articles About The Terrorist Attacks - Assignment Example Indeed, the medium of each text may influence my response to the content because the medium significantly affects the relevance, reliability, and the authority of the information contained therein. Additionally, Nicholas Thompson is the renowned author of various literature and currently an editor at The New Yorker, at Bloomberg Television, and at CNN International. As such, he derives respect and authority in literature. On the other hand, Nina Berman has won numerous awards in American documentary photography. Notably, both writers use anecdotal evidence to lay their arguments and claims. Both texts are of the view that the true definition of the word hero lacks it initial significance.Nevertheless, the two articles agree that there are heroes in America and that the true meaning of American heroes only changed after the 2001 September 11 terrorist attacks where there was a general notion to refer to the victims, firefighters, and rescue workers as heroes. They find that the word h as become so popular, cultural, and psychologically common that nobody reserves any pride in it in the modern times.Nicholas Thompson claims that the victims the terrorist attacks deserve tremendous sympathy and referring to them as heroes will be a misplacement. He further reckons that the firefighters and rescue workers who suffered in the attacks do not amount to becoming heroes because they were doing their job. In fact, he claims that referring to them as such is demeaning the meaning and significance of the word hero.

Roman Aqueducts and Architecture Essay Example for Free

Roman Aqueducts and Architecture Essay Rome had many famous achievements. The two different ones that I found most interesting to me were the aqueducts and architecture. Till this day, it is still unknown when and where the first aqueduct was built. Roman Aqueducts Person in charge: The first person in charge of the Roman waterworks in 33 B. C was Marcus Agrippa. What they are: They are channels that run through the water, that are conducted to the place where it is being used. The tunnels were dug through the rocks and other canals that are in the earth. Materials that were used: Some of the materials that the Rome used to build the aqueducts were: masonry, concrete, cast iron, steel, or wood. If the gravity was working the greatest, they would use pumps to push the water through. Facts: There would be much more aqueducts built when the cities were growing. When there were dry lands, the aqueducts would also supply the water, so the crops could be watered. Rome was known to have a lot of aqueducts and was the only city with a good water supply. Nine total aqueducts were said to supply 85 million gallons of water a day to the cities or where it was needed. Years later five more aqueducts were built. In Rome, 200 cities had aqueducts. Roman Architecture Most famous buildings they built were: They were post and lintel, but they were limited in the weight it was to carry, and the span between the supports. Facts: The Roman Architecture changed all this and advanced this by introducing new methods of architecture; The Columns and The Arches. With these methods the romans were able to construct bigger temples and buildings than ever before. They built three types of columns during their long history, but the most basic column that they built was called the Doris Style. The features they used were not perfect or even looked good, but they served a good purpose. The arches they used gave the power to amaze and glorify, but also the main use was the immense support. The Pantheon was the largest dome built for eighteen centuries. Their idea of the arch was too extended in the middle ages with the barrel vault and different types of vaults which was the central theme of the Romanesque and Gothic Cathedrals. To construct the arches they used cement, which this helped the Romans expand their building. When they built the Coliseum, they used concrete along with their arch system when they were building it. Using this method they were able to build a four story high stadium, which was able to seat 50,000 people. . (UNRV History) A famous Roman aqueduct, the Pont du Gard near Nimes, France, stands as a reminder of one of the worlds greatest empires. At its peak of power, in the A. D. 100s, the Roman Empire covered about half of Europe, much of southwest Asia, and the north coast of Africa.

Types of social assistance policies

Types of social assistance policies Social policy incorporates the provision of basic services – healthcare, education, water and sanitation and other and social protection. Social security includes three principle parts: social insurance, social assistances, labour market intervention and community based or informal social protection. Social protection covers contributory projects covering life course and work-related contingencies. Social assistance contains tax financed programmes managed by government agencies and addressing deprivation and poverty. In the labour market it provide active and passive labour market policies securing basic rights while enhancing the employability. 1. Social assistance There are various diversity in designs of social assistance in developing and developed countries. In developed countries social assistance depends on an income maintenance design, and providing income transfers that aimed at filling in the poverty gap. In developing countries, it includes a variety of programme design, including pure income transfers as in non-contributory pensions or child grants and allowances; income transfers combined with asset accumulation and protection as in human development conditional transfer programmes or guaranteed employment schemes; and integrated anti-poverty programmes covering a range of poverty dimensions and addressing social exclusion There is also diversity in scale, scope and institutionalisation in social assistance across countries, and across programmes within countries. (Pellissery, Barrientos, 2013) Various social assistance whether cash transfer or employment or kind etc. is being implemented around the globe. The efficacy of the policy and programme depends upon the implementation and the impact that it create on the society, I this view the later part describe about the various form of social protection either promotive, protective, preventive or transformative. 1.1 Cash transfers â€Å"Although cash transfers are not a panacea, they have been demonstrably effective and are seen as a viable mechanism in both developmental and humanitarian contexts. Conditional Cash Transfer (CCTs), implemented in Latin America with great success, are seen to be a way of mitigating the risk of cash transfers being misused. CCTs yield rapid, positive impacts (poverty alleviation, improved health and education outcomes) and break the ‘vicious cycle’ of intergenerational poverty in the long-term. However, CCTs are criticised for having high administrative, monitoring and enforcement costs, being too reliant on targeting, having a disempowering effect on recipients and negatively affecting overall levels of consumption amongst both beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries.† (Scott, 2012) 1.2 Cash transfers in emergencies Cash transfer can be effective during emergency or crisis while offering a protective mechanism which has immediate effect on the person through various means either innovative like mobile banking etc or tradition by cash in hand or in bank. It support when the formal institution of protection is failed and there is no other alternative for social protection. 1.3 Social Pensions It is a non-contributory pension which include a targeted cash transfer by age or widow or people with disability. Various study shows that the cash transfer in the context of social pension gave confidence and support to the targeted person or household. In general the literature suggests that social pensions have been employed particularly successfully in southern African context. 1.4 Public works programmes It is a type of conditional transfer where cash or food is given in exchange for work on public infrastructure projects, such as road building. During recent times these social protection measure is widely applied around the globe due to consequence of food and financial crisis. This measure create assets, produce jobs and somehow targeted as it be unattractive to the non-poor due to low wages or ration are paid. Though the sustainability of this measure is till when the state is willing to provide because it creates a dependency on state. Available study indicate that while short term public works create and promote consumption and demand during the market failure but the long-term social protection function is likely to be limited unless guaranteed employment is introduced. 1.5 In-kind transfers â€Å"In-kind transfer’s non-cash assets went to vulnerable or deprived individuals and households, often with the aim of modifying or influencing the behaviour of recipients. There is considerable debate over whether in-kind transfers should be favoured over cash transfers, despite the latter being popular for providing beneficiaries with choice in accordance with needs, as well as providing an opportunity for investment†. (Zoe Scott, 2012) 1.6 Food There has been numerous debate on food vs cash transfer around the globe since and prior to 1970s, on whether food transfer can be used as an alternative to cash or both are complementary to each other, whether food transfers are a nutritional or economic intervention, whether they aim to only ‘feed people’ or aim to support livelihoods. It has been thought that when there will be food crisis either by market failure or shortage due to lack of supply, or there be a crisis when food are needed, food transfer are preferable, beside other protective measure. 1.7 Utility subsidies Protection in the form of utility such as housing, electricity and water are provided to lessen the burden of expenditure on these items by people, though despite having the provision of Indira awas yojana along with various scheme, it has been widely accepted that the benefits of utility subsidy doesn’t reach the target people or communities living in an area withought electricity and water. It has been seen as more costly to implement than other form of social assistance. Despite being costly housing subsidy runs with less risks of excluding the most vulnerable. 1.8 Health fee waivers There is large debate going on Universal health care and targeted health care. One provide a system through which everyone are eligible for health care while contributing up to the fiscal budget whereas targeted has its own flaw of selection and implementation and reach to the targeted people. Though it has been inferred that health service waivers or health fee waiver or exemptions will only be effective if there would be a nationwide policy which effectively monitored and enforced at local and national levels 1.9 In India context In India the introduction of social assistance were introduced since the British period but it was only for the employee in formal sector and a large portion of population, those who were employed in informal sector were excluded from this. And again after independence until the 1990s the main focus of central government were rural development and social protection didn’t get much attention. There were many rural development program such as integrated rural development program or anti-poverty program, which aimed to provide food and nutrition, basic services like education, healthcare, and housing and employment generation came. In meantime many state introduced various program such as +pension for agricultural landless labourer, maternity benefits, disability benefit etc. depending upon the need but very often these program were introduced as electoral instruments to gain votes. It is important to notice the welfare regime in India could be classified as clientelist or populi st. In the last two decades, there has been a reversal of the story.† The central government has enacted a number of social assistance measures by enacting court enforceable right-based promises to the erstwhile directive principles (such as right to education, right to employment and others) enshrined in the Constitution of India. From the point view of social assistance, three developments are important. First, in 1995 the central government introduced the National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP) under which five different benefits were provided. They complemented existing provision by federal states. These benefits were the Old-Age Pension Scheme (reaching 8.3% of elderly households), Widow Pension Scheme (6.2% of widow households), Disability Pension Scheme (reaching 14.1% of disabled households), Family Benefit Scheme (onetime relief for the families where main breadwinner accidently died) and Annapurna (food for the elderly households† (Pellissery, Barrientos, 2013) The second and third development took place when the Congress Party-headed United Progressive Alliance government assumed power in 2004. A clamour for food security were supported by civil society movement along with right to employment boost the fillip of decade in the context of social protection. Later the UPA government put forth the social security program for unorganised sector workers, Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana, designed particularly for the workforce in the unorganised sector. That has already provided insurance against hospitalisation to 40 million households. Along with other social protection scheme or program there come various rights which insures social security but the reality seems different. One of the most interesting and effective social assisistance in the developing world is the Brazil’s Bolsa Familia. The Brazilian constitution enshrined a right to social protection and that led to consideration on the role and scope of social security and on the rol e of government to providing it is based on the citizenship principle and for all Brazzilians. 2. Social insurance .â€Å"Social insurance schemes are contributory programmes in which beneficiaries make regular financial contributions in order to join a scheme that will reduce risk in the event of a shock. Because health costs can be very high, health insurance schemes are a popular way of mitigating risk from illness. However, some people argue that they are too expensive for the Poor and should be complemented with social assistance. Other types of social insurance schemes include contributory pensions, unemployment insurance, funeral assistance and disaster insurance. Social insurance is strongly linked to the formalised labour market, meaning that coverage is determined by number of formal workers in a country. The informal labour market therefore presents a strong challenge to the success of social insurance programmes†. (Scott, 2012) 3. Labour market interventions Labour market interventions give protection to poor people who are able to work. Interventions are both active and passive. The active programmes or policy in the context of social protection include training and skills development and employment counselling, whereas passive interventions include, income support, unemployment insurance and changes to labour legislation, for example in Establishing a safe working conditions or minimum wage. Labour market social protection provide various social assistance and cash transfer programmes and can be integrated into longer-term development strategies 4. Community-based social protection Formal social protection framework do not offer complete coverage and exclude a section of society. â€Å"A variety of conventional or ‘informal’ ways of providing social protection to households, groups and networks fill some of the gaps left by formal social protection interventions and distribute risk within a community. There is also considerable interest in the potential for community-based mechanisms to be scaled up in order to undertake wider development activities, and in how to create links between social security schemes and community-based approaches with the aim of extending coverage to meet the challenge of providing adequate health services to the developing world.† (Zoe Scott, 2012) 2. Residual and institutional social welfare Residual idea of social welfare says in the distribution of social welfare, government should have a limited role. The underlying assumption is that the individual is free to do anything unless it doesn’t harm other and majority of population will find their sustenance and assistance by their own, either by market mechanism, family or social network. So the state only intervene when they fail to support themselves and unable to find any support system. Whereas the institution school of thought describe state as protecting individuals from the social cost of capitalist economy. does Social protection a residual social welfare The â€Å"Directive Principles† of the Constitution give obligation to the government and its policy to lay down goals and direction for the realisation of the rights. Article 41, 45 and 47 gave a sense of social protection but for the nuanced understanding of the rights and its realisation we have to look at the reality of its content and implementation. Article 41. which directs the state to â€Å"within the limits of its economic capacity and development, make effective provision for securing the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, and in other cases of undeserved want†; Article 45. by which â€Å"the State shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children.† Article 47. by which â€Å"the State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the improvement of public health as among its primary duties. (Constitution of India, ministry of law and justice) Society exist because it is in everyone interest to have peace and peace can only prevail if there is sovereign authority to punish those who breach it. There are various indication and updates about the failure of government machinery in india.in the context of social protection the policies and programme that are intended to reach the beneficiary doesn’t reach to them and in the lack of proper institution mechanism the policy itself became a residual in approach. Be it old age pension scheme or MGNREGA. The dominant logic is that the poor are the ward of the state and the state have the responsibility of taking care of its citizen especially poor. But the other school of thought says that the bigger the size of government the larger the burden on the populace. The more government subsidies the resources for the poor the more likely to vulnerability during the failure of support system by the state because of their dependency on the state. A key challenge faced at the time of introduction of all social assistance programme is from the right-wing that social assistance expenditure is both ineffective and wasteful. What been effective to counter such a position has been the discourse on inequality? The growth story of India has widened inequality rather than bridge the gap. Therefore, introduction of social assistance was seen as helping to act as an inclusive instrument for the poorer sections. Pellissery, Barrientos, 2013). The presence of institutional mechanism but the delivery of services create an atmosphere where the social protection turn up as just a residual kind of thing to the people. There are around 300 different type of anti-poverty scheme in India that is spread over 13 different ministries. But the integration among them is hardly seen visible. In the name of financial inclusion the still â€Å"Krishna get the credit but nobody think about Sudama†. The millennium development goal vow for eradicating poverty but still some part of the globe still suffering from hunger and malnutrition and chronic poverty

Strategic Human Resource Management Essay -- HR Management Strategies

However you define the activities of management, and whatever the organisational processes are, an essential part of the process of management is that proper attention be given to the Human Resource function. The human element provides a major part in the overall success of the organisation. Therefore there must be an effective human resource function. In the past, most organisations viewed Human Resource Management (HRM) as an element function, that is an activity that is supportive of the task functions and does not normally have any accountability for the performance of a specific end task. Because of the emphasis on analysis and precision there is a tendency for strategists to concentrate on economic data and ignore the way in which human elements and values can influence the implementation of a strategy. 'Economic analysis of strategy fails to recognise the complex role which people play in the evolution of strategy - strategy is also a product of what people want an organisatio n to do or what they feel the organisation should be like.?(1). Understanding the strategic potential of HRM is a relatively recent phenomenon. Strategic HRM attempts to bring HRM to the boardroom. It requires personnel policies and practices to be integrated so that they make a coherent whole, and also that this whole is integrated with the business or organisational strategy. Strategic HRM has evolved through three main stages. Up until the mid 1960?s HRM comprised mainly a file maintenance stage with most emphasis on selection, recruitment, screening and orientation of the new employee. They also looked after employee-related data and organised the Christmas party. The second stage, government accountability developed with the arrival of the Civil Rights Act and evolved with subsequent laws. To avoid costly legal battles, the HRM function gained in stature and importance. The third stage in HRM development which began in the late 1970?s and early 1980?s was the realisation that effective HRM could give an organisation competitive advantage. Within this stage HRM is viewed as important for both strategy formulation and implementation. For example 3M?s noted scientists enable the company to pursue a differentiation strategy based on innovative products. At the competitive stage, then, human resources are considered explicitly in conjunction with strategic manage... ... Management vol. 32 no. 8 November 1982 pp.263 -9 (7) Peter F. Drucker ?The Practice of Management? Heinemann Professional Publishing 1955 (8) Roethsliger, F.J. and Dickson, W.J. ?Management and the Worker.?, Harvard University Press 1939 (9) Shoshana Zuboff ?In the Age of the Smart Machine.? (10) Derek Torrington and Laura Hall ?Personnel Management, HRM in Action? pp.59 Prentice Hall 1995 (11) Derek Torrington and Laura Hall ?Personnel Management, HRM in Action? pp.28 Prentice Hall 1995 Bibliography Derek Torrington and Laura Hall Personnel Management HRM in Action, Prentice Hall Ltd 1991 Laurie J. Mullins Management and Organisational Behaviour, Pitman Publishing 1994 Kathryn M. Bartol and David C. Martin Management, McGraw Hill 1991 Tom Peters Liberation Management Necessary Disorganization for the Nanosecond Nineties, Macmillan London 1992 Samuel C. Certo Modern Management, Allyn and Bacon 1992 Peter F. Drucker The Practice of Management, Heinemann Proffesional Publishing Ltd. 1955 J. Richard Hackman, Edward E. Lawler III and Lyman W. Porter Perspectives on Behaviour in Organisations, McGraw Hill 1983

Competition :: essays research papers

INTRODUCTION: Competition occurs between any organisms living in a mutual habitat. Whether it is for food, water, shelter, or a mate, competition can be harmful or helpful to each organism. There are two basic types of competition; intraspecific and interspecific. These terms refer to competition within a specific species and the competition between different species, respectively. In this lab, we conducted 3 basic experiments. Our goal was to observe the effects of the competition in each instance.The first one was to observe the intraspecific competition between the wheat plant species, the second was for the intraspecific competition between the mustard plant species. The third was the interspecific competition of the wheat and mustard species together. The latter experiment's data was divided into two sub groups of high density and low density, for purposes of graphing Dewitt diagrams. Dewitt diagrams are a way of expressing % yield and total productivity data so it can be evaluated and compar ed effectively. It has been noted that intraspecific competitions tend to be more intense than interspecific ones (Ciara, 1993). This is because members of the same species need the same types and amounts of nutrients. When these similar species are in the same habitat with fixed resources, then they consequently have to "fight " for their needs. This is was basis for our hypothesis. We hypopthesized that the species that were involved with the interspecific competitions would have greater production (by ave. weight of grams) than their counterparts involved in the intraspecific competitions. Furthermore, we hypothesized that as the density of the intraspecific and interspecific competition species increased, then the production of the plants (by ave, weight in grams) would go down. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Six weeks previous to the conductance of this lab, Biology 108 section,planted wheat and mustard plants according to table#1 on page 3 of the Principles of Biology 108 Lab Manual . This table depicts all of the total pots and number and type of seeds planted in the pots. It accounts for the experiments of the intraspecific competition and interspecific competition. Replicates of each pot were planted to add precision and more acceptable statistics. Therefore, there were 40 pots, that is, 20 treatments conducted twice(Ciara, 1993). Each Biology 108 section planted these pots and the data from every section was to be combined for an overall data sheet. Our group in section 6 had the role of planting 5 of the experimental pots with the assigned number of wheat seeds or mustard seeds or both.

The Organization Kid

He feels that the students have been molded by their parents to act and dress in a certain manner. His article also concentrates on the idea that students go to college not to gain higher learning, but to get a good Job and make money. The students are being trained to be â€Å"The Organization Kid. † The Organization Kid is a generation of students who are extraordinarily bright, morally earnest and Incredibly industrious. During the Elementary School era, In the sass and sass schools assigned less and less homework, so that by 1981 the average six-to-eight-year-old was doing only fifty two minutes of homework a week.April 26, 1983, A Nation at Risk was reported. The problem, it said, was that schools had become too loose and free-flowing. Students faced a â€Å"cafeteria style curriculum† that gave them too many choices. Since then, the central focus of the school reform was on testing, accountability & medication which help reshape the minds of kids whose behavior de viates from the standard. So by 1997 the amount of homework assigned to the average child of the same age had doubled to more than two hours a week. For the period of Adolescence. It became ore organized, regulated and supervised with an emphasis on safety.Neo- romantics of the sass and sass believed that children should grow up freely and develop their own creative inclinations. Twenty nine years ago parents were advised to keep out of their kid's way. Let them grow into their own person. Now they're warned that If they aren't with their kids every single minute of their life, they'll grow up to be serial killers. For an example: people don't blame the actual shooters In the Columbine incident, two teen shooters killing 13 people at the Columbine High School, they blame their parents. Today parents do not hesitate to impose their authority.Parental authority nowadays rests on three pillars: science, safety and achievement. In the course of the Princeton Experience, the college admi nistrations tend to impose stricter regulations concerning students' behavior. As part of an effort they can go to amuse themselves without alcohol or drugs. Yet, students are increasingly supportive of universities regulation of private matters such as campus drinking. David Brooks describes the â€Å"typical Princeton student,† an impression he rives from interview sessions with students he notes are a few dozen, faculty- recommended, articulate leaders of tomorrow.Throughout his visit to Princeton, Brooks encountered clean-cut, cheerful scholars and citizens, respectful of their professors, too busy to involve themselves in national politics or social causes, too future-oriented for social life and too on-the-go to spark up intellectual conversations over a meal. To put it briefly, The Organization Kid alludes to an influential study by William H. White, called The Organization Man. The origins of â€Å"The Organization Kid† re to be found in their upbringing.Parent s relied on the achievements of medical and cognitive science to develop their children physically and intellectually. The Organization Kid is students of prestigious universities like Princeton. They appear to busy themselves with a variety of educational & extra-curriculum activities to the extent they do not have time to start a relationship or pay attention to national politics. Most of them are happy with their life, they accept high workload for the reasons of self-improvement, resume building and enrichment. They are described as optimistic, serious & conscientious.

Inherit the Wind Essay

Inherit the Wind â€Å"Here in Hillsboro we are fighting the fight of the Faithful through-out the world! † (53) Inherit the Wind is the epic legal drama, written by Jerome Lawrence and Robert E. Lee, of a controversial subject: creationism versus Darwinism. Hillsboro is extremely determined to defend creationism. Though fictional, Inherit the Wind is based on the Scopes Trial, which occurred in July of 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee.The play was published in 1957, a period of time where people, especially those of Hillsboro, the small town in which the play is set, were only allowed to teach the theory of creationism; teaching evolution was against the law. The people of the town were extremely religious. To not believe in the bible or attend church would result in being shunned by Hillsboro. In Inherit the Wind, the attitude of Hillsboro subtly changes throughout the course of the trial of the young schoolteacher who purposely broke the law.The town reflects the fiercely religiou s and biased views collectively shared by its people, such that it becomes an important character in itself. The changes in the town’s attitude are small, evident by certain individuals within the town learning to open their minds and accept the theory of evolution. Before the trial of Bert Cates, the attitude of the town is reflected by its behavior towards Bert Cates, Henry Drummond, and Matthew Harrison Brady. Bert Cates is a schoolteacher who was imprisoned for teaching evolution to his class, something Hillsboro considers to be very wrong.Rachel Brown is the daughter of the Reverend, and though she tries to defy her father and his views, even she sides with Hillsboro and does not understand â€Å"why [he] can’t be on the right side of things† (8). The â€Å"right side† is Hillsboro’s side; the only â€Å"right† answer is in the bible. Because Hillsboro is so close-minded, it refuses to accept any other theories or opinions. It wants Cat es to be found guilty. It considers him a criminal for what he did; therefore, the bias against him is clear before the trial even begins.In turn, Hillsboro is equally unhappy with the defense attorney, Henry Drummond. Drummond is a renowned lawyer who is described as â€Å"the most agile legal mind of the Twentieth Century† (22). He has the ability to win the case, something Hillsboro assumed would not to be done. Reverend Brown calls him the â€Å"Devil† (25) because â€Å"[one] looks into his face, and [wonders] why God made such a man† (25). Given this description, Hillsboro assumes it to be true and treats him as though he is evil. Hillsboro thinks Drummond does not believe in God because he has won cases where the defendants were clearly guilty.Hillsboro knows that Drummond is an excellent lawyer, and with him defending Cates, the trial could have a remarkably different result from what Hillsboro was expecting. By calling him the â€Å"Devil†, Hills boro is able to turn its people against Drummond. However, the attitude Hillsboro displays towards Matthew Harrison Brady is completely opposite. The famous lawyer is the lead prosecutor for the trial of Bert Cates. Hillsboro worships Brady; he is devoted to the bible, believing â€Å"all the answers to those questions are in the Bible† (34) and that evolution is nonsense.Hillsboro is overjoyed, and rather star struck to have him in town. All of Hillsboro gathers to welcome Brady with a feast and frequently sings, â€Å"It is good enough for Brady† (17). The difference with which Hillsboro treats Brady compared to Cates and Drummond is colossal. Everyone is completely taken in by his charm and presentation; each hang on every word he says. Before the trial begins, Brady already has Hillsboro on his side. With the negative attitude Hillsboro displays before the trial, how could Bert Cates stand a chance against their bias and closed minds?Throughout the trial of Bert Ca tes, the behavior and bias Hillsboro had previously displayed, remains, and escalates, to the point where even Brady feels uncomfortable. The meaning of religion to Hillsboro is reflected by its people, shown by the answers and opinions given by the potential jurors. The members of the jury were selected by Drummond and Brady, both of whom had to agree upon the individual in order for them to serve as a juror. Brady does not care whether it is a fair trial; he only wants to win.This could be almost guaranteed as the jurors are all members of Hillsboro and many seem to â€Å"believe in the Holy Word of God †¦ and Matthew Harrison Brady† (36). It is impossible to have a fair trial for Bert Cates when the jury members are all chosen from Hillsboro, thus it is clear they do not want Cates to stand a chance. A message from Reverend Brown to Hillsboro further illustrates this. At the end of the first day of the trial, the Judge announces â€Å"there will be a prayer-meeting t onight on the courthouse lawn, to pray for justice and guidance†(42), a message Reverend Brown asks him to relay.The judge seems to see nothing wrong with doing so, demonstrated by his reaction to Drummond’s objections. Clearly the judge does not care about the fairness of Cates’ trial, as he openly announced a meeting to pray for a guilty verdict. There were no evolutionist meetings being held, as Drummond pointed out. The only option Hillsboro gives is to believe in the bible. The degree of the importance of religion to Hillsboro is revealed during the prayer meeting. Reverend Brown becomes very passionate and eventually deranged when telling Hillsboro how God supposedly created the world in seven days.Hillsboro, in turn, reacts fervently, screaming and roaring â€Å"Hosannah! Bless the Lord who created us! † (57) And â€Å"Amen, amen! † (57). The Reverend goes on further to directly talk about Cates, asking Hillsboro â€Å"Do we call down hellfi re on the man who has sinned against the Word† (59), which Hillsboro agrees with, encouraging the Reverend to continue in his rant, and ask God to have Cates’ soul â€Å"writhe in anguish and damnation† (59). It is at this point in time that Brady realizes the extent Hillsboro is willing to take religion.Hillsboro would have Cates sent to Hell and eternally damned because he chose to teach evolution. As much as Brady is a religious man, even he believes Hillsboro has gone too far. The trial of Bert Cates has illuminated how religious Hillsboro truly is and how the opinion of a few people can impact an entire town. After the trial of Bert Cates, there is a small, but nevertheless definite, shift in attitude of Hillsboro, demonstrated by the outcome of the trial and individual character changes.Bert Cates is the first person in Hillsboro to dare oppose the law against evolution; this is the first step in bringing about the change. Although his actions are technical ly wrong, Cates believes he did the right thing and refuses to stand down. Even the woman he loves, Rachel Brown, begs him to â€Å"tell ‘em it was all a joke† (7), and though he wavers, he sees the trial through to the end. Cates opens the door to a different side, one which most of Hillsboro has never even considered, at least not openly.Though Hillsboro may not accept or like evolution, the town was forced to contemplate the idea of it because of the trial. Rachel Brown is the Reverend’s daughter, and throughout the play, struggles to stand up to her father; the conclusion of Cates’s trial allows her to find the courage to finally do so. Rachel is terrified to show her support of Cates for fear of her father. Reverend Brown answers Brady’s question â€Å"My daughter will be pleased to answer any questions about Bert Cates† (22).Before the trial begins, Rachel refuses to stand up for herself or answer for herself. She begins to oppose her f ather, when she jumps on stage and implores her father â€Å"[not to] pray to destroy Bert! † (59), during the prayer meeting, something she could not have done at the beginning of the play. She has had creationism enforced upon her for her whole life, yet Cates’s trial opens her mind to evolution, when Drummond questions Brady on how the World could possibly have been created in Seven days. The trial also gives her the strength to stand up to her father.A change in the attitude of one person can have a significant impact on the people around him, especially in a town as small as Hillsboro. Rachel cannot have been the only person in Hillsboro to doubt creationism after the trial; however, if she were, her new outlook would surely inspire those surrounding her. The result of the trial plays a key role in the change of Hillsboro’s attitude. Although the jury finds Cates guilty, his punishment is only a five hundred dollar fine. This case turned into something much bigger than just a small town case; the entire state was waiting with baited breath to hear the results.Yet after all the fuss and trouble that was made about this case, to fine Cates only five hundred dollars is astounding, especially considering Hillsboro wanted to have Cates’s soul â€Å"writhe in anguish and damnation† (59). The jury is made up of biased people who were completely close-minded to begin with, but Drummond is able to convince Hillsboro to slightly open its mind, which is an incredible accomplishment. Although Cates technically lost the trial, it should be considered a victory. In Inherit the Wind, the attitude of Hillsboro subtly changes throughout the course of the trial of the young schoolteacher who purposely broke the law.The town reflects the fiercely religious and biased views collectively shared by its people, such that it becomes an important character in itself. The changes in the town’s attitude are small, evident by certain individ uals within the town. The people of Hillsboro are extraordinarily similar. They all think, feel, and act the same way. There are few individuals who stand out in the town, as most are from the same cookie-cutter mold. Because the people are so alike, they are able to blend into one character that represents all of them.As a result, the town becomes a vital character to the story. Hillsboro is willing to send a schoolteacher to jail for voicing his opinions, because he goes against what the town collectively believes to be â€Å"right†. Through the course of the play, we are given insight into how much religion can mean not only to one person, but an entire town, and the lengths a town is willing to go to prevent change. Setting this play in a different town, one without the same religious beliefs, would alter the story immensely; in fact, the entire trial may not have occurred.